Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 The History of examination malpractice in Nigeria
malpractice are sensitive issues, they
have been issues of interest to the
educationalists. Over the years and as a
result a lot has been said and written
about it.
Examination malpractice is not a new
phenomenon in Nigeria as well as indeed
in any part of the world. The first
examination malpractice in Nigeria was
reported in 1914, when there was a
leakage of question papers into the
Cambridge Local Examination. Others
traced the origin of examination
malpractice in the wave of cancellation of
Nigeria’s candidate’s paper in 1948
because it possessed history? During the
1940s Matriculation Examinations to the
then Yaba Nigeria Technical Soycle
(1991). To expatiate this, Bello Sani
(2002) Jamb Registrar said that thirty out
of one hundred and sixty-six examination
towns were involved in cheating and
malpractices, while forty-five thousand
candidates seeking admission had their
results cancelled in the year 2002 because
of examination malpractice.
Hence, it is therefore not a surprise to
find leakage; impersonation and forgery;
there is little or no regard for paper
qualification.
ERADICATION OF EXAMINATION
MALPRACTICE IN TEACHING AND LEARNIN
INSTITUTION
ABSTRACT
This research project is aimed at making a mode
contribution to the eradication of examination malpractice
our various institution of learning especially seconda
schools in Ikwo Local Government Area. The project will try
find out the causes of examination malpractice in the schoo
and its adverse effect on the educational system. It will al
try to proffer solution to the problem caused by this ugly tren
The background of the study
The genesis of examination malpractice in Nigeria can
traced to 1914 when the senior Cambridge examinati
leaked.
There was leakage in the west African Examination Council
1963, Omotos (1988). The historical background or the orig
of examination in Ikwo Local Government Area in particul
and Nigeria in general cannot be unaccompanied wi
indiscipline and the corruptive nature of the society toda
Oxford advance learner’s Dictionary (1999:711) defin
malpractice as unacceptable behaviour by somebody
professional or official position. The Michael west Engli
Dictionary defined malpractice as wrong doing. The act
malpractice start from home’ most families today do n
inculate in their children the right attitudes and these b
conducts are carried out to the society.
There is also the biblical reference of wrong doing whe
Jacob wrongly look away his brother’s birth right (Gen.27:1-2
the existence of malpractice is as old as the world and h
eaten deep into the jabric of our lives, including politic
economical and educational aspect. Politically, there
electoral and educational aspect politically, there is elector
malpractice, which includes rigging of election a
gerrymandering that is favouring one party at the expenses
others in the delimitation of the constituencies, Okpata F.
and etal (200).
Economically, Nigeria losses more than fifty (N 50) milli
naira every month are as salaries to non-existence worker
Public funds are now routinely doled out to political allie
and personal friends in the disquide of contacts to execu
public work of our kind or another. Chima Achebe (1983)
Educationally, according to Thyen (1974:33) the purpose
examination are among others:
. To ascertain whether a specified standard has be
reached.
. To select a given number of candidates
. To test the efficiency of teaching and learning
. To evaluate each candidates subsequent performance
. To predict each candidates subsequent performance
IN education context, examination are ways of testi
systematically to determine the extent to which studen
achieve intuitional objectives. It becomes clear that wh
one’s knowledge or ability is tested any act of wrongdoi
shall be a negation of the aims and objectives for which t
examination were set up. In 1970 there were regulates a
malpractice in west African school certificates examinatio
The 1981 leakage were however, the most wades pared, t
worst in the history, of West African Examination Coun
(WAEC) Nigeria Omotoso etal (1998).
There are different types of examinatio
malpractice which includes the followings:
1. Mass cheating/co-operation: This involves: the stude
learners, teachers, invigilators and the principals.
2. Impersonation: This is the method of paying someone
write the exam or by contract.
3. Bribe: This is giving money, sex, gift to encourage chea
4. Foreign material: This is bringing of answer aids in
exam hall. It is commonly called Expo, Bullet, Mgbo,
Omokirikiri etc.
5. Leakage: This system of getting the question befo
exam
6. Clearance fee: This is a levy imposed all the student
school to settle the invigilator so as to allow malprac
the whole school.
7. Special Centress: These are private expensive places
one can get certificates without any effort
8. Threats and assoutl: This is special way cults guys st
and everyone.
9. Sign and codes: These are secrete operation use t
answers to the students.
10.Mass promotion: promotion every students by up grading
because of money or favour.
11.Sales of handout: This is carried out in higher institut
lecturers at exorbitants price and threatens students to
jail.
The following people are involved in examination malpra
They includes: principals, invigilators, Teachers, P
Typist, friends, clergyment and women and eve
government.
The consequences of examination are:
1. It results to indiscipline and laziness.
2. It creates wasted life, fustration and agony
3. it brings shame disgrace to one’s family and the countr
4. It brings fake and forgery of identity
5. Reduces the standard and value of a country.
6. It produces a lawless and disordered society.
In this researcher, my focus is mainly on external examinati
in some selected secondary school in Ikwo Local Governme
Area of Ebonyi State.
In fact, what happen is some, if not most of our seconda
schools whenever external examination is going on, your gue
is as good as mine. This gives me sleepless night because o
society eventually must be at receiving ends, since tho
students are the leaders of tomorrow.
I strongly believed that there is no need for a prophet
predict that eschewing examination malpractice is the on
condition to restore the lost glories in our educational sect
Another reason also is to find out the solution to the proble
of examination malpractice in our secondary school in Ikwo
particular and the society in general.
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The problems created by examination malpractice have eat
deep into the fabric of our lives.
A trip down the memory lane of the eradication
examination malpractice in secondary schools in Ikwo Loc
Government Area is no novel concept. Right from the fir
secondary established in 1976 which is Ikwo High scho
Agusia there have been rivary and hospility culminating
examination malpractice which led to the production of h
baked teachers and people parading with certificates whi
they cannot defend.
In our country today, there are architects, surveyor
accountants, doctors, engineers, bankers who cann
differentiate their left from right. Examination malpractice
the reason why the quality of private and public sector, polic
making machinery is very poor. Our yesterday is gone forev
our today in mired in Crisis. Tomorrow belongs to us. It is o
duty to light against and retrieve our tomorrow from the grip
those who are bent on destroying it.
OBJECTIVES (AIM or PURPOSE) OF T
STUDY.
The main purpose of this research is to make a mode
contribution to the eradication of examination malpracti
with special reference to some selected secondary schools
Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. The study w
also discover the basic cause of examination malpractice
varies from one school to another or there generally the sa
cause all over the Local Government Area. The researcher w
review the functions of parents, teachers studen
examination board which include staff under them who ha
involved themselves in one-way or the other and suggest ho
to eradicate such ugly situation.
Further more, the purpose of the research is
inculcate the habits of reading among the students and al
find out the last solution to examination malpractice on t
side of students while one the other hand to stamp out ge
rich quick syndrome which lures the minds of the examinati
authorities to materialism.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this research cannot be over emphasize
this is because examination malpractice has more harm th
good in our secondary school system and the society at larg
For it has helped in the production of half baked student
teachers and people parading with certificate they cann
defend.
The importance of this research is to find out a lasti
solution to the problem of examination malpractice in o
secondary school here in Ikwo. The findings of this resear
will help in no small measure to reduce the rate at whi
examination malpractice triggers fears on the education
system in Ikwo Local Government in years to come.
The research will also help other students who would prefer
carry out their research in the study particularly here in Ikwo.
Conclusively, examination malpractice should be stopped
order to produce qualitative students in our education
system, which will make it rich the zenith of academ
excellent.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS/QUESTIONS
The following question will form the bedrock of the study.
1. Can the teacher’s laxity in any way increase the
examination malpractice among students?
2. Is it trued that lack of libraries in our schools contri
examination malpractice in secondary schools in Ikw
Government Area?
3. will hand-over of secondary schools to the church
stop examination malpractice in Ikwo Local Governme
4. Is it true assessment that female gender participates
examination malpractice than the male counterpart
The following question will form the bedrock of the study.
1. Can the teacher’s laxity in any way increase the
examination malpractice among students?
2. Is it true that lack of libraries in our schools contri
examination malpractice in secondary schools in Ikw
Government Area.
3. Will hand-over of secondary schools to the church
stop examination malpractice in Ikwo Local Governme
4. Is it true assessment that female gender participates
examination malpractice than the male counterpart?
THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF T
STUDY
This study shall look into the ways of eradication
examination malpractice in secondary school, Agubia, Ndia
Echara community secondary school Eka-Awoke communi
secondary school, community secondary school; Noyo Alik
Girsl High school Ikwo and Urban secondary school, Ndu
Echara.
The scope would have been extended to other seconda
school, than these but because of some course of
research such as transport, data collection, unreliasility
some interviewers, financial constrains including crow
programme of the studies in the campus.
Also, due to the limitation of financial constitutions, materia
and time resource, the sample may be very small in relation
the entire population.
ERADICATION
The Oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary of current Engli
new edition by A.S Hornby (1999) defines eradication as
destroy something completely, to put an end to something.
EXAMINATION: The oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary
current English new edition by A.S Horn by (1999) defin
examination as a formal test of somebody’s knowledge
ability especially by means of written questions or practic
exercises. In educational context, examinations are ways
testing systematical to determine the extent to which t
student achieve instructional objectives.
Then oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary of current Engli
new edition by A.S Horn by (1999) defines malpractice
wrongdoing, neglect of duty e.g. dishonest help of a positi
of trust for personal gain.
EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE
From the West Africa Examination Council point vie
examination malpractice can be defined as any irregul
behaviour exhibited by candidate or anybody charged with t
conduct of examination in such examination such behavio
must be a sort of contravention of the rules and regulatio
governing the conduct of such examination.
However, in common usage especially in contempora
Nigeria, examination malpractice refers to infringement of t
prscribe code of conduct and behaviour first by the candid
and then by the teachers, invigilators, parents and markers
well. .
Related post : click here
This research project is aimed at making a mode
contribution to the eradication of examination malpractice
our various institution of learning especially seconda
schools in Ikwo Local Government Area. The project will try
find out the causes of examination malpractice in the schoo
and its adverse effect on the educational system. It will al
try to proffer solution to the problem caused by this ugly tren
The background of the study
The genesis of examination malpractice in Nigeria can
traced to 1914 when the senior Cambridge examinati
leaked.
There was leakage in the west African Examination Council
1963, Omotos (1988). The historical background or the orig
of examination in Ikwo Local Government Area in particul
and Nigeria in general cannot be unaccompanied wi
indiscipline and the corruptive nature of the society toda
Oxford advance learner’s Dictionary (1999:711) defin
malpractice as unacceptable behaviour by somebody
professional or official position. The Michael west Engli
Dictionary defined malpractice as wrong doing. The act
malpractice start from home’ most families today do n
inculate in their children the right attitudes and these b
conducts are carried out to the society.
There is also the biblical reference of wrong doing whe
Jacob wrongly look away his brother’s birth right (Gen.27:1-2
the existence of malpractice is as old as the world and h
eaten deep into the jabric of our lives, including politic
economical and educational aspect. Politically, there
electoral and educational aspect politically, there is elector
malpractice, which includes rigging of election a
gerrymandering that is favouring one party at the expenses
others in the delimitation of the constituencies, Okpata F.
and etal (200).
Economically, Nigeria losses more than fifty (N 50) milli
naira every month are as salaries to non-existence worker
Public funds are now routinely doled out to political allie
and personal friends in the disquide of contacts to execu
public work of our kind or another. Chima Achebe (1983)
Educationally, according to Thyen (1974:33) the purpose
examination are among others:
. To ascertain whether a specified standard has be
reached.
. To select a given number of candidates
. To test the efficiency of teaching and learning
. To evaluate each candidates subsequent performance
. To predict each candidates subsequent performance
IN education context, examination are ways of testi
systematically to determine the extent to which studen
achieve intuitional objectives. It becomes clear that wh
one’s knowledge or ability is tested any act of wrongdoi
shall be a negation of the aims and objectives for which t
examination were set up. In 1970 there were regulates a
malpractice in west African school certificates examinatio
The 1981 leakage were however, the most wades pared, t
worst in the history, of West African Examination Coun
(WAEC) Nigeria Omotoso etal (1998).
There are different types of examinatio
malpractice which includes the followings:
1. Mass cheating/co-operation: This involves: the stude
learners, teachers, invigilators and the principals.
2. Impersonation: This is the method of paying someone
write the exam or by contract.
3. Bribe: This is giving money, sex, gift to encourage chea
4. Foreign material: This is bringing of answer aids in
exam hall. It is commonly called Expo, Bullet, Mgbo,
Omokirikiri etc.
5. Leakage: This system of getting the question befo
exam
6. Clearance fee: This is a levy imposed all the student
school to settle the invigilator so as to allow malprac
the whole school.
7. Special Centress: These are private expensive places
one can get certificates without any effort
8. Threats and assoutl: This is special way cults guys st
and everyone.
9. Sign and codes: These are secrete operation use t
answers to the students.
10.Mass promotion: promotion every students by up grading
because of money or favour.
11.Sales of handout: This is carried out in higher institut
lecturers at exorbitants price and threatens students to
jail.
The following people are involved in examination malpra
They includes: principals, invigilators, Teachers, P
Typist, friends, clergyment and women and eve
government.
The consequences of examination are:
1. It results to indiscipline and laziness.
2. It creates wasted life, fustration and agony
3. it brings shame disgrace to one’s family and the countr
4. It brings fake and forgery of identity
5. Reduces the standard and value of a country.
6. It produces a lawless and disordered society.
In this researcher, my focus is mainly on external examinati
in some selected secondary school in Ikwo Local Governme
Area of Ebonyi State.
In fact, what happen is some, if not most of our seconda
schools whenever external examination is going on, your gue
is as good as mine. This gives me sleepless night because o
society eventually must be at receiving ends, since tho
students are the leaders of tomorrow.
I strongly believed that there is no need for a prophet
predict that eschewing examination malpractice is the on
condition to restore the lost glories in our educational sect
Another reason also is to find out the solution to the proble
of examination malpractice in our secondary school in Ikwo
particular and the society in general.
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The problems created by examination malpractice have eat
deep into the fabric of our lives.
A trip down the memory lane of the eradication
examination malpractice in secondary schools in Ikwo Loc
Government Area is no novel concept. Right from the fir
secondary established in 1976 which is Ikwo High scho
Agusia there have been rivary and hospility culminating
examination malpractice which led to the production of h
baked teachers and people parading with certificates whi
they cannot defend.
In our country today, there are architects, surveyor
accountants, doctors, engineers, bankers who cann
differentiate their left from right. Examination malpractice
the reason why the quality of private and public sector, polic
making machinery is very poor. Our yesterday is gone forev
our today in mired in Crisis. Tomorrow belongs to us. It is o
duty to light against and retrieve our tomorrow from the grip
those who are bent on destroying it.
OBJECTIVES (AIM or PURPOSE) OF T
STUDY.
The main purpose of this research is to make a mode
contribution to the eradication of examination malpracti
with special reference to some selected secondary schools
Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. The study w
also discover the basic cause of examination malpractice
varies from one school to another or there generally the sa
cause all over the Local Government Area. The researcher w
review the functions of parents, teachers studen
examination board which include staff under them who ha
involved themselves in one-way or the other and suggest ho
to eradicate such ugly situation.
Further more, the purpose of the research is
inculcate the habits of reading among the students and al
find out the last solution to examination malpractice on t
side of students while one the other hand to stamp out ge
rich quick syndrome which lures the minds of the examinati
authorities to materialism.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this research cannot be over emphasize
this is because examination malpractice has more harm th
good in our secondary school system and the society at larg
For it has helped in the production of half baked student
teachers and people parading with certificate they cann
defend.
The importance of this research is to find out a lasti
solution to the problem of examination malpractice in o
secondary school here in Ikwo. The findings of this resear
will help in no small measure to reduce the rate at whi
examination malpractice triggers fears on the education
system in Ikwo Local Government in years to come.
The research will also help other students who would prefer
carry out their research in the study particularly here in Ikwo.
Conclusively, examination malpractice should be stopped
order to produce qualitative students in our education
system, which will make it rich the zenith of academ
excellent.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS/QUESTIONS
The following question will form the bedrock of the study.
1. Can the teacher’s laxity in any way increase the
examination malpractice among students?
2. Is it trued that lack of libraries in our schools contri
examination malpractice in secondary schools in Ikw
Government Area?
3. will hand-over of secondary schools to the church
stop examination malpractice in Ikwo Local Governme
4. Is it true assessment that female gender participates
examination malpractice than the male counterpart
The following question will form the bedrock of the study.
1. Can the teacher’s laxity in any way increase the
examination malpractice among students?
2. Is it true that lack of libraries in our schools contri
examination malpractice in secondary schools in Ikw
Government Area.
3. Will hand-over of secondary schools to the church
stop examination malpractice in Ikwo Local Governme
4. Is it true assessment that female gender participates
examination malpractice than the male counterpart?
THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF T
STUDY
This study shall look into the ways of eradication
examination malpractice in secondary school, Agubia, Ndia
Echara community secondary school Eka-Awoke communi
secondary school, community secondary school; Noyo Alik
Girsl High school Ikwo and Urban secondary school, Ndu
Echara.
The scope would have been extended to other seconda
school, than these but because of some course of
research such as transport, data collection, unreliasility
some interviewers, financial constrains including crow
programme of the studies in the campus.
Also, due to the limitation of financial constitutions, materia
and time resource, the sample may be very small in relation
the entire population.
ERADICATION
The Oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary of current Engli
new edition by A.S Hornby (1999) defines eradication as
destroy something completely, to put an end to something.
EXAMINATION: The oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary
current English new edition by A.S Horn by (1999) defin
examination as a formal test of somebody’s knowledge
ability especially by means of written questions or practic
exercises. In educational context, examinations are ways
testing systematical to determine the extent to which t
student achieve instructional objectives.
Then oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary of current Engli
new edition by A.S Horn by (1999) defines malpractice
wrongdoing, neglect of duty e.g. dishonest help of a positi
of trust for personal gain.
EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE
From the West Africa Examination Council point vie
examination malpractice can be defined as any irregul
behaviour exhibited by candidate or anybody charged with t
conduct of examination in such examination such behavio
must be a sort of contravention of the rules and regulatio
governing the conduct of such examination.
However, in common usage especially in contempora
Nigeria, examination malpractice refers to infringement of t
prscribe code of conduct and behaviour first by the candid
and then by the teachers, invigilators, parents and markers
well. .
Related post : click here
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